Self-esteem issues are not random, and they come from a complex combination of macro-level and micro-level variables. Unfortunately, feelings of self-doubt can start as early as young childhood, and negative self-image can persist throughout the lifetime.
Unrealistic societal expectations: Society itself often contributes to low self-esteem. For example, many companies prey on people feeling bad about themselves to sell products and services. In addition, social media heightens expectations. People compare themselves to what they see online, and seeing everyone else live seemingly perfect lives may cause you to feel inferior. Teens and adults are particularly susceptible to these effects.
Trauma: Any type of trauma can affect your self-esteem. Trauma fundamentally affects your sense of safety in the world. If someone you love betrayed your trust, you might internalize the event to believe you deserved that emotional pain. It's hard to feel confident when you aren't sure who or what you can trust.
Unhealthy family dynamics: Sometimes parents unknowingly cause or reinforce self-esteem issues in their children. When families have overly high expectations for their children - or when parents have low self-esteem themselves - children often grow up with little self-respect for themselves.
Mental health issues: Although low self-esteem does not inherently cause mental health conditions, it's often a risk factor for depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, eating disorders, and other mental health challenges. These conditions can also perpetuate low self-esteem, which can reinforce a difficult cycle.
Unhealthy peer or romantic relationships: We are products of the people we surround ourselves with. If you don't spend time with people who value your self-worth, it's hard to believe in yourself.